逆袭数学

已知函数 f(x)=xeaxexf(x)=x\mathrm{e}^{ax}-\mathrm{e}^{x}

(1)当 a=1a=1 时,讨论 f(x)f(x) 的单调性;

(2)当 x>0x>0 时,f(x)<1f(x)<-1,求 aa 的取值范围;

(3)设 nNn\in \mathbf{N}^{*},证明:112+1+122+2++1n2+n>ln(n+1)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1^{2}+1}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2^{2}+2}}+\dots+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n}}>\ln(n+1)

第一问

第二问思路分析

第三问思路分析

第三问失败的方法

第三问两种构建函数的方法

第一问

a=1a=1 时,f(x)=(x1)exf(x)=(x-1)\mathrm{e}^{x},则 f(x)=xexf'(x)=x\mathrm{e}^{x}

x<0x<0 时,f(x)<0f'(x)<0,当 x>0x>0 时,f(x)>0f'(x)>0

f(x)f(x) 的减区间为 (,0)(-\infty,0),增区间为 (0,+)(0,+\infty)

第二问思路分析

内容提要:

(xeax)=(1+ax)eax(xe^{ax})' = (1+ax)e^{ax}

导函数没有变简单,继续求二阶和更高阶导数都不会变简单:

h(x)=xeaxex+1h(x)=xe^{ax}-e^x+1,问题转化成满足: h(x)<0h(x)\lt 0

h(0)=0h(0)=0

h(x)=(1+ax)eaxexh'(x)=(1+ax)\mathrm{e}^{ax}-\mathrm{e}^{x}

x>0x\gt 0时:

a=0a=0 时,h(x)=1ex<0h'(x)=1-e^x \lt 0

a<0a\lt 0时,

1+ax<1,0<eax<1    eax(1+ax)<eax<11+ax \lt 1, 0\lt e^{ax} \lt 1 \implies e^{ax}(1+ax)\lt e^{ax} \lt 1

又因为ex>1    h(x)<0又因为e^x \gt 1 \implies h'(x) \lt 0

又因为h(0)=0    h(x)<0又因为h(0)=0 \implies h(x) \lt 0

a0时满足题目要求\large \colorbox{yellow}{\(a\leq 0时满足题目要求\)}

h(0)=0h'(0) = 0

h(x)=(2a+a2x)eaxexh''(x)=(2a+a^{2}x)\mathrm{e}^{ax}-\mathrm{e}^{x}h(0)=2a1h''(0) = 2a-1

2a1>02a-1 \gt 0时,h(0)>0h''(0) \gt 0,存在一个δ>0\delta \gt 0,使得 x(0,δ)x \in (0, \delta)h(x)>0h''(x) \gt 0,那么,当 x(0,δ)x\in (0, \delta)时,

h(x)>0    h(x)严格增,h(0)=0    h(x)>0h''(x) \gt 0 \implies h'(x)严格增,h'(0)=0 \implies h'(x) \gt 0

h(x)>0    h(x)严格增,h(0)=0    h(x)>0h'(x) \gt 0 \implies h(x)严格增,h(0)=0 \implies h(x) \gt 0

a>12时,不满足题目要求\therefore \colorbox{yellow}{\(a\gt \dfrac12时,不满足题目要求\)}

0<a12\colorbox{yellow}{\(0\lt a \leq \dfrac{1}{2}\)}时, h(0)0h''(0)\leq 0

h(x)=(2a+a2x)eaxex    h(x)<(1+12x)eaxex    h(x)<e12xeaxex    h(x)<e(12+a)xex    h(x)<0\begin{aligned} &\qquad \quad h''(x) = (2a+a^{2}x)\mathrm{e}^{ax}-\mathrm{e}^{x} \\ &\implies h''(x)\lt (1 + \frac12x)\cdot\mathrm{e}^{ax}-\mathrm{e}^{x} \\ &\implies h''(x) \lt e^{\frac{1}{2}x}\mathrm{e}^{ax} -\mathrm{e}^{x} \\ &\implies h''(x) \lt e^{(\frac12 + a)x}-e^{x} \\ &\implies h''(x) \lt 0 \end{aligned}

h(x)<0    h(x)严格减,h(0)=0    h(x)<0h''(x) \lt 0 \implies h'(x)严格减,h'(0)=0 \implies h'(x) \lt 0

h(x)<0    h(x)严格减,h(0)=0    h(x)<0h'(x) \lt 0 \implies h(x)严格减,h(0)=0 \implies h(x) \lt 0

0<a12时,满足题目要求\large \colorbox{yellow}{\(0\lt a \leq \dfrac{1}{2}时,满足题目要求\)}

这里利用了一个结论:x>0x\gt 0时,ex>x+1e^x\gt x+1

证明很简单:

g(x)=exx1g(x)=e^x-x-1

g(0)=0,g(x)=ex1>0g(0) = 0, g'(x)=e^x-1 \gt 0

x>0x\gt 0时,g(x)>0,也就是ex>x+1g(x)\gt 0,也就是e^x\gt x+1

h(x)=ex[(1+ax)e(a1)x1]h'(x)=e^x[(1+ax)e^{(a-1)x}-1]

g(x)=(1+ax)e(a1)x1g(x)=(1+ax)e^{(a-1)x}-1, h(x)=exg(x)h'(x)=e^x \cdot g(x)

g(x)=[a(a1)x+2a1]e(a1)xg'(x)=\Big[a(a-1)x + 2a-1\Big]e^{(a-1)x}

g(0)=2a1,当g(0)>0时,h(0)>0,又因为h(0)=0不满足题目要求g'(0)=2a-1,当g'(0) > 0时,h'(0)\gt 0,又因为h(0)=0,\colorbox{yellow}{\(不满足题目要求\)}

0<a120\lt a \leq \dfrac{1}{2}时g(x)<(2a1)e(a1)x    g(x)<0g'(x) \lt (2a-1)e^{(a-1)x} \implies g'(x) \lt 0

g(x)<0    h(x)<0,h(x)严格单调减g'(x)\lt 0 \implies h'(x) \lt 0, h(x)严格单调减

h(0)=0,h(x)<0满足题目要求又h(0) = 0, h(x)\lt 0,\colorbox{yellow}{\(满足题目要求\)}

第三问思路分析

要证明的不等式左边是和的形式,最常用的方法就是裂项

如果能证明1n2+n>ln(n+1)ln(n)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n}} \gt ln(n+1)-ln(n),就可以证明原不等式

1n2+n>ln(1+1n)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n}} \gt ln(1+\dfrac{1}{n})

t=1nt=\dfrac{1}{n},转化成:t(t+1)>ln(1+t)\frac{t}{\sqrt{(t+1)}} \gt ln(1+t)

h(t)=t(t+1)ln(1+t),h(0)=0h(t) = \frac{t}{\sqrt{(t+1)}} - ln(1+t), h(0)=0

h(t)=(t+11)22(t+1)32h'(t)=\frac{\big(\sqrt{t+1}-1\big)^2}{2(t+1)^{\frac32}}

h(t)>0    h(t)递增,又h(0)=0,所以h(t)>0h'(t) \gt 0 \implies h(t)递增,又h(0) = 0,所以 h(t) > 0

第三问失败的方法

利用 n(n+1)<(n+1)2n(n+1) \lt (n+1)^2,得到 1n2+n>1n+1\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n}} \gt \frac{1}{n+1}

利用x>ln(x+1)x\gt ln(x+1) 得到 1n+1>ln(1+1n+1)\frac{1}{n+1} \gt ln(1+ \frac{1}{n+1})

1n+1>ln(n+2)ln(n+1)1n>ln(n+1)ln(n)12>ln(3)ln(2)\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{n+1} &\gt ln(n+2)-ln(n+1) \\ \frac{1}{n} &\gt ln(n+1)-ln(n) \\ &\vdots \\ \frac{1}{2} &\gt ln(3)-ln(2) \end{aligned}

最后得到了 原式>ln(n+2)ln2原式 \gt ln(n+2)-ln2

ln(n+2)ln2 ltln(n+1)ln(n+2)-ln2 \ lt ln(n+1)

说明是 放缩过度\colorbox{yellow}{\(放缩过度\)}

第三问两种构建函数的方法

为了证明1n2+n>ln(n+1)ln(n)\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n}} \gt ln(n+1)-ln(n)

h(n)=1n2+n[ln(n+1)ln(n)]h(n)=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n^{2}+n}} -[ ln(n+1)-ln(n)]

有两种构建函数的方法

1, 令 x=1nx=\frac{1}{n}, n=1xn=\frac{1}{x}

h1(x)=1(1x)2+1xln(1+x)=xx+1ln(1+x)h_1(x)=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{(\frac{1}{x})^{2}+\frac{1}{x}}}-ln(1+x) = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x+1}}-ln(1+x)

h1=0h_1 = 0, h(x)=(x+11)22(x+1)32h'(x)=\frac{\big(\sqrt{x+1}-1\big)^2}{2(x+1)^{\frac32}}

2, 令x=nx=n

h2(x)=1x2+x[ln(x+1)ln(x)]h_2(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}+x}} -[ ln(x+1)-ln(x)]

x+时,h2(x)=0x\rightarrow +\infty时,h_2(x)=0

h2(x)=2x2+x2x12(x2+x)32h_2'(x)=\frac{2\sqrt{x^2+x}-2x-1}{2\left(x^2+x\right)^{\frac32}}

(2x2+x)2<(2x+1)2    h2(x)<0(2\sqrt{x^2+x})^2 \lt (2x+1)^2 \implies h_2'(x) \lt 0

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